archive Endurance Sports Technology Trends for GPS Watches & Bike Computers

Endurance Sports - Technology Trends - GPS Watches & Bike Computers This quarterly update is regularly updated to reflect emerging trends in aspects of technology that affect our endurance watches and bike computers. Originally it was a part of the monthly report of watches that were soon to come to market. [caption id="attachment_28467" align="alignright" width="659"] Links to source at: nptel.ac.in[/caption] Sports Watch Tech Trends? Bigger wearable trends are elsewhere....the smart VC money for hardware improvements has been in MEDICAL-WEARABLE tech rather than sports wearable tech since about 2018, there are numerous obvious exceptions but the general and strong trend toward the medical realm remains. Current sports tech investment tends to be from larger companies, moving away from earlier trends for startups. The following sections cover the major feature trends that affect endurance sports devices as I see them. You will find that there are general thrusts forwards in watch tech which are lagging slightly behind smartphone tech and that there are also sports-specific innovations that can likely only ever happen on watches. For example, it is impractical for a smartphone to have a continuous heart rate monitor. Some of the trends are technical trends eg for 'LTE/5G' but then the technical trend itself also enables new services & features to be provided on it eg LTE will support instantaneous location-based functionality which could be useful during a race to show performance stats of competitors centrally. Yet many implementations of LTE will be constrained commercially to only allow the transmission of small amounts of data. Screen Tech Apple Watch/WearOS devices and others already have high resolution screens and this trend towards this has spilled into sports watches with Garmin Epix 2 and Polar Ignite 3. AMOLED / transflective / microLED screen tech is coming to a sports watch near you. Garmin's VENU is the start and it will end with AMOLED-like tech on VERY MANY sports watches. You might have to wait up to 2023/4 for it to be widespread. Power usage is the issue holding it all back; albeit highly unlikely, MicroLED is rumoured for the Apple Watch 7 as soon as 2021 requiring lower power and enabling a thinner screen. microLED offers the potential for video display and longer lasting screen compared to AMOLED and old fashioned transflective. It's quite likely that Apple Watch Ultra will have microLED in 2025 or maybe the year before at a push. Other basic, power-saving tech like we see with Garmin Lily will also become more widespread and maybe also greyscale tech like E-Ink Connectivity Tech WiFi will get ever faster but that won't really impact the performance of sports devices too much (even though it's already included in the location services of smartwatches like Apple Watch 7) UWB is also coming, again on the AW6 and elsewhere, but this is for relatively short-distance sensing of compatible devices rather than a better directional signal. So this sort of thing could come to a sensor like STRYD, in case you lost it but not as any kind of way to boost GPS. We should see UWB first in 2021 as Chipolo becomes the first 3rd party sensor to support Apple's "Find My..." and with Apple AirTag. Bluetooth and ANT+ will keep doing their thing and Bluetooth will eventually win despite not being as good for sports. Fortunately, that will be in MANY years' time. So no need to worry yet. Multiple Bluetooth connections will continue to be created on devices eg Polar H10 has 2x BLE connections and Wahoo Tickr Gen 2 has three, Wahoo's KICKR18 now has 3x BLE connections in the latest firmware. Multiple ANT+ connections are of course possible on every ANT+ device. Improvements in Bluetooth will also include improvements in range and power consumption, for example, the latest 5.X version of Bluetooth supports lower energy-consuming headphone protocols. LTE/Cellular connectivity is where most innovation will take place and several smartwatch makers, along with Garmin, have dabbled with this on smartwatches. I'm expecting this to become more prevalent from 2021 onwards on SPORTS watches and data-SIM-only companies like MOKANIX are trying to build a business on trends like that (they went under!). Don't necessarily expect your watch's eSIM to be able to make or take phone calls...sounds crazy? maybe not, they could just be used in sports to add extra in-exercise connectivity effectively allowing more serious athletes to avoid carrying their phone if they want to transmit their progress, then, of course, this could enter into the realms of usefulness for the live screening of stats of professional sportspeople. There's a good chance that LTE/Cellular innovation will be one of Garmin's key features that trickle down once they have populated options from all the top-end running and cycling devices. Consider why Garmin recently bought GEOS which currently provides assistance response for those in remote places with satellite connectivity. Payment Tech /NFC This works well on all the devices I've used that support it (Garmin, Fitbit, Apple, and others). The difficulty for Garmin is it needs to explicitly support your bank - ie the chances are it won't work in the sense that there is no commercial agreement to underpin that tech for your bank! If you use Wear OS/WatchOS then they have generic support for Mastercard, Visa and Amex but not in every region. Garmin probably doesn't have the clout to negotiate these generic agreements. AFAIK it's not possible to use PayPal/Stripe/BitCoin with Garmin/Wear OS/Watch OS. This is a pain as, for example, I'd like to be able to easily handle multiple currencies in my Paypal balances and braver investors than me would want to be able to use their BitCoin. Music Tech Music Services: Garmin has commercially 'nailed' music whilst exercising by enabling the integration of AMAZON music, Spotify and Deezer. When I say 'nailed' I mean that their offering has a potentially wide appeal as it supports multiple services with the ability to relatively easily add others in the future. Audible, Apple Music and Google Play Music (now YouTube Music) still need to be added to Garmin. I suspect that at least one of those won't happen! Geographic constraints: All music services are constrained by regional licencing differences. Depending on exactly where you are, this could be a real pain...or not. Few of the vendors' offerings work as a true, generic streaming service. Instead, they use Bluetooth phone connections or domestic WiFi to cache your tracks on your watch from streaming services. Once LTE/ Cellular connectivity is supported over larger populations we might see proper/live streaming, although the current way of working suits me. High-definition music playback is NOT supported by any smartwatch that I know eg one using AptX HD. AFAIK they all use normal-quality CODECS and have other audio-tech constraints which means that your running with music capability can sound GOOD but not EXCELLENT. And your sports watch cannot stream a high-quality music signal to high-quality Bluetooth speakers at home - over Wifi it might be possible (IDK). Many factors affect audio quality: lossy compression, CODECs, bitrate, driver diameter and more besides. Image|Garmin GNSS Tech - GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, GPS III Support for multiple GNSS constellations just means that you can use more satellites. That means that you will only have an increased likelihood of getting +/-5m accuracy To get that elusively accurate GPS running pace extra things need to fall into place. Coming August 2021 On a Running Watch !! : Some of the individual constellations already support multiple frequencies (bands) of transmissions. If receivers use two of these frequencies (dual band) then that can eliminate one of the major errors on the signal travelling through the atmosphere. Dual-band Galileo might deliver that and is used in some smartphones now. This can, in theory, give +/-1m accuracy (GPS+Galileo is NOT dual-band per se, Galileo has 3 bands). I believe that even the BEIDou-3 constellation is now complete and has global coverage but that only has +/- 10m accuracy for public usage. HOWEVER, the aerial needs to be up to the job. A watch aerial typically just points up. But a better aerial might also point down and to the side towards buildings so that it can know if it receives a bounced signal or a direct signal. The bounced signal always travels further and currently, these confuse your watch and make it think you are a few metres away from where you really are. It's possible that some sort of ground-based station can correct positional errors and reliability (SBAS, EGNOS and WAAS) and, maybe, combining satellite signals with urban WiFi networks or nationwide cellular masts can deliver even better accuracy in urban areas #Maybe - I doubt it. GPS III 3 sounds better than GPS 2. But all these things, above, equally need to fall into place first for GPS III to deliver. One of the simple improvements to GPS accuracy will simply come with more spare power to throw at the GNSS chip. Power has historically been at a premium but now Garmin and others will start to use extra power to take and analyze more frequent GPS readings. With spare processing power, it will be easier to interrogate live GNSS data and discard bad data points...ie increase accuracy. Through complex processing it absolutely is for a fact possible to identify reflected signals and eliminate them, this will increase accuracy in urban, mountain and forested areas. Dual-band (meaning dual-frequency) GNSS IS live on several smartphones and Garmin hiking handhelds ( GPSMAP 65 series, GPSMAP 66sr, 2020 and now Fenix 7 in 2022), there is now a dual-band Sony GNSS chip (Aug 2020) as well as one from Airoha/MediaTek (2021) and signal augmentation with ground-based stations (SBAS) is used on sports watches eg Polar VANTAGE. Dual band transmission from the same, single satellite is used to determine if any atmospheric refraction has affected either of the signals...if it has then you can discard the reading. We will soon see (2021) the first sports watches with both dual-band/frequency AND dual-GNSS eg GPS+Galileo using L1+L5 (technical...sorry..but it means more accuracy, perhaps only at lower speeds and with a battery hit, see image below) However, I suspect these technologies will still not give the accuracy some runners want despite Garmin's current claims that accuracy is improved from 5m to 3m. Other kinds of mathematical modelling and signal-correlation techniques should be able to be used to boost the accuracy of GPS in many scenarios including near buildings and urban canyons - for example, to better determine which signals are reflected and which are direct. The first non-Garmin, commercial products might appear as early as 2021 claiming sub-1m levels of accuracy. Optical HR Tech, Medical Sensor Tech We are just about there with oHR delivering resting HRV. This then means that all vendors should be able to deliver the illusion of a good SLEEP offering based on sensible sleep-based HRV data. Beyond that, I can't see anyone consistently delivering oHR accuracy to, say, +/-3% for >90% of athletes using existing tech whilst exercising. The best running watch oHR I've seen so far, for me, is the Apple Watch 6 followed by Garmin ELEVATE Gen 3. A mythical new tech is needed to boost accuracy, although I think it's called a chest strap ;-) To estimate blood pressure, Optical HR sensor can use ECG – Pulse Transit+Arrival Time (eg Fitbit) and photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors that analyze blood volume flows (Valencell) However, the next generation of new sensor tech is likely to be laser light rather than an LED. A laser can target a very specific wavelength/frequency and so requires less power. It can also boost signal quality due to a higher signal:noise ratio. Imagine a laser device that sends out multiple wavelengths each tailored to detect blood oxygen, muscle oxygen, lactate, water/hydration, pulse, blood pressure! Wow! Sounds far fetched? Nope...it's already being tested for Apple! Elevation Tech In my mind, Garmin has mostly nailed this with Digital Elevation Maps (DEM) ie a map that has the known elevations of every square metre of the earth (or whatever the actual resolution). Couple that with algorithms that fine-tune elevation by barometric-altimetry and GPS-altimetry and we're there. Well, unless you're on a steep cliff face or in a built-up area. But it's great for nearly all of us, nearly all of the time. The problem is the cost and complexity of doing this for a smaller company. #BarrierToEntry. Those that care sufficiently about elevation (some cyclists) will probably just buy a Garmin, so is it worth new entrants trying to implement maps and DEM? If you implement maps you probably will want to implement routing at the same time and that is HARD. GPS location - the watch measures the distance to several satellites and works out your 2D position and your 3D elevation. My understanding is that most devices take MANY MINUTES to get a 3D GPS fix for starting elevation and that process is different from the quick 2-D GPS fix you get through A-GPS which most devices have these days Barometric altimetry - uses pressure changes to measure elevation changes. Requires calibration to known elevations at known GPS points (eg your departure point) GPS+Barometric - Uses both of the above. Can be good as sometimes a GPS signal can be rubbish and sometimes barometric pressure changes because of weather rather than elevation changes! (doh). The Apple Watch 6 seems to have nailed this by PROPERLY & periodically keeping the current elevation always checked with GPS (it might do that indoors over WiFi as it knows the location/elevation of your home). Once the starting point is correctly calibrated it becomes easier for a barometric altimeter to keep track of your workout elevation changes simply through air pressure and, perhaps, less frequent GPS adjustment. DEM - the watch has an onboard map. For each GPS point, the elevation is known on the map. So long as the GPS point is reasonably accurate then the elevation will be correct (hills and urban areas are obvious problem areas) Environmental Profiling We have seen the rise of physiology insights into your performance (physiological profiling). Essentially that is based on the knowledge of your time-in-zone (HR and power) and HRV. That's pretty much it with a bit of accelerometer magic thrown in. There is much more scope to improve that. Environmental profiling is different and is looking at the impact of the environment on your performance. So we might look at the impact of surface conditions, wind, temperature, altitude, humidity and gradient. "What's new here?" you might ask. You might cite the examples of Normalized Graded Pace, Garmin's Heat Acclimation and Altitude Acclimatisation along with STRYD adjusting power to take into account wind. Fair enough. You might also cite examples of Polar and Garmin looking at hill performances with the latter releasing ClimbPro in 2018 (IIRC) and Polar releasing Hill Splitter on the Grit X in 2020. But much more is still to be done here. For example, Garmin's ClimbPro relies on the knowledge of your future route to produce the elevation profile of the upcoming hill. Surely popularity routing or your personal routing history could be used to predict the upcoming elevation profile of your most likely route for the numerous occasions when you do not follow a route? (Hammerhead has embarked on this functionality in March 2021) For example, a whole raft of analyses could be applied to hills if each hill was automatically identified and recorded as some form of lap (like Hill Splitter from Polar and Suunto new features) For example, similar analyses could be applied to your TRUE efforts if they were auto-identified as laps. You might not start and stop your intervals at the precise time and even 3 seconds will make a difference to how you analyse your 3:35/km rep performances. Even running laps, your true efforts might last for 405m on one lap and for 398m on the next lap...yet both efforts are recorded as 400m (Edit Polar implemented something like this in 2020) For example, muscle oxygen states could be specifically examined (again as laps) to see how much your performance deteriorates. For example, some analysis software already automatically picks out STRAVA segment performances (as laps) that are already stored in your FIT/TCX files. Golden Cheetah identifies Hills and Matches too and can display all these kinds of 'laps'. Garmin's Heat Acclimatisation is partly environmental profiling and partly physiological profiling. Battery Tech I said elsewhere that Garmin has reached "peak battery" I don't know how they've done it. Coros is good too. Either way, their batteries last for a LONG time. WAY longer than almost any of us need them to. OK, so the reality is that the battery lives are not as good as advertised once you start connecting all your sensors and navigating, getting lost and playing music but the battery life problem seems to have a workable end-game in sight. Solar tech will spread through Garmin's ranges down to cheaper watches and eventually across to bike computers branded as "Power Glass". Others amongst us will just take a battery pack. It's tricky to see who else will try to seriously implement Solar tech, is there any point in a smartwatch company boosting their day-long battery life by a few 10s of minutes? a: No There is talk of Garmin's Solar tech possibly underlying the whole display rather than just the edges. That's possible in the long term but that won't happen in 2022 and it's already been leaked that Garmin will introduce their first Solar charging BAND on either Fenix 7 or Epix Gen 2. Consequently now is the time to start introducing lots of battery-eating functions again! #Sigh !! (Yes I'll use them too!). And yes that WILL mean introducing awesome screens on SPORTS watches. Wireless charging and shared charging between devices might come to a watch near you. Or not. Charging based on body heat might perhaps spread more widely (eg Matrix Gemini TEG) The 'next big thing' could be GRAPHENE battery tech towards 2030 or solid state batteries (Murata make one for IoT as of 2021) Although 2022 will see wider adoption of a more capacity-dense Li-ion battery with a silicon-based anode. Until a new tech appears there are only 3 or 4 workarounds install a bigger battery reduce power consumption introduce fast charge batteries (battery can be hybrid containing fast change and normal charge elements) swappable batteries Voice Tech Many running watches and app vendors have half-decent support for audio feedback during workouts. If you listen to music you may find yourself inadvertently ALSO hearing your 1km lap times when you were least expecting it. Of course, audio feedback is already more extensive than just lap times but, perhaps, audio features are not used by runners THAT widely. Audio alerts DO 'sound' (aha, pun) a bit amateurish but, actually, I reckon they're quite useful when you are going flat out you don't want to have to raise your wrist or glance down at your segment progress on your bike computer. Well, I don't do that. It seems that 'just going for it' might be the best way for a PB after all! However, I wouldn't mind be selectively nagged during a one-minute STRAVA segment PB attempt...I mean, err, audio-coached. If you use Siri or Google Assistant or Amazon through speakers at home or in your car, then it's not hard to see that very soon sports watches could be usefully responsive to audio commands. "OK-Google...take a lap" being a simple example on a WearOS watch that could probably happen now...or you could press the button! But what if it's raining and your touchscreen has gone AWOL...just sayin'. Indeed 2020 has already seen Bryton pushing out Google Assistant...cool stuff. Group Tech You could see group tech as a kind of instant, workout-based 'social sharing' like the post-ride stuff with STRAVA. But think about groups in a different way and how their sporty experience can be augmented. Think of Sunday cycling groups. Why shouldn't your rear-pointing radars and lights all work together to better alert the group about oncoming cars and better alerts cars with coordinated flashing? I think this might happen fairly soon, Edge devices can already support Bluetooth MESH networks and the most obvious SPORTY application for that technology has to be group light/radar control. Why can't rear-facing radar/lights also have proximity devices that detect fellow group riders getting dropped. If you are running as a group then rather than just your position, why shouldn't other stats be shared like heart rate or running power (w/kg) to help you spot the slackers? Why can't we sign our Garmin up to a race and periodically flash-upload lap stats to a centralised race portal? Widespread cellular support on our devices will help this in years to come. Or we could just better share photos of cuddly cats as part of our social GROUPS :-) But you get the point that often innovation happens just for the sake of innovation and there are clearly many more social group innovations left to be made over and above 'cute cat pictures'. Gesture Tech WatchOS 8 is bringing gesture control to the Apple Watch which will be more widely used in Apple Watch 7 (2021). Here, for example, clenching your first performs an action on the watch. Other gestures cause other actions and you could see how this becomes a means of adding a lap, which isn't always easy on the Apple Watch interface. These sorts of things are probably on the 2022-23 horizon for Apple's competitors and are initially aimed at improving accessibility for people with impairments. The Galaxy Watch4 will have something similar. Solo Tech & Safety Tech Clearly, there is a trend for gamification of solitary training where services like ZWIFT can make your treadmill experience part of a wider virtual group. That trend is obviously going to continue and the indoor side of it all has clearly been aided by Covid-19. Watches currently have the 'I've cracked my skull alert' and the 'someone's following me alert'. For certain demographics that sort of functionality will hopefully become more widely available. Why not add an extra level of locational intelligence here to prompt the watch wearer "Hey...do you really want to run down THIS street at night"...ie there could be links to police crime databases or other types of geographic databases providing other kinds of intelligence based on your location. I suspect the best way to come up with an idea in this realm is to see what apps already exist for smartphones and copy them... Integration & Openness in a Connected World There will be deeper integration of sports watches with their companion apps. Any sports service worth its salt will be open to key sources of data like Google FIT, Apple Health, Strava and Garmin Connect - and if the company can't be bothered to do that then please at least provide Google Drive or Dropbox support so we can do it ourselves, elsewhere. It's relatively clear that HEALTH and activity data is becoming ever more centralised in large, open repositories (Google, Apple). Those repositories obviously hold some sports data as well but will there ever be a time when Google/Apple is the first place we port our sports data to and then we use various other platforms to feed the source data from Google/Apple for our analyses and social interactions? I used to think that would happen but now I'm not so sure. STRAVA would be the most obvious platform to develop into a sports 'data warehouse' but they seem to be more interested in becoming the Facebook of sports rather than the Oracle of sport (Oracle made Data Warehouses back-in-the-day). Mapping & Navigation My most common command to my car's navigation is, verbally, "Navigate me home" and I want that to take into account traffic delays, which it does. Sports navigational tech tries to do a lot of REALLY clever navigation stuff but I suspect that much of what they are trying to do is for a tiny number of people. None of the sports watches can get me home in the way that I use my car/smartphone. Maybe it's just me? My next most pressing navigation need is simply to follow a route I've grabbed from somewhere (say, Google maps) and, perhaps, to navigate me back on track when I get lost. Oh and to share it easily with somoene riding with me who has a different bike computer brand. These things are currently quite difficult still. Clever routing algorithms exist to get you there in the easiest, fastest and shortest ways. Yep, even elevation gain can already be taken into account when a route is planned. This first step to calculate sensible routes is HARD to do well when all the other navigational 'must-have' features are also factored in eg different kinds of road surfaces on different grades of roads. The larger sports data platforms also have the ability to route you over the most popular routes (Garmin, Google, Apple, Strava) and that ultimately relies on 'people knowing best' rather than 'tech knowing best'. For most sporty routing experiences, I suspect that POPULARITY ROUTING is all we need. Yet this is a challenge for someone like, say, Hammerhead or Suunto to implement as I suspect they don't have the volume of data that Garmin does. So they ultimately have to either pay for it from a 3rd party or offer a service based on limited-popularity routing...a similar scenario was with Google Maps' satellite images, which used to be free until Google started charging companies to use it to serve to you. #BarriertoEntry. "OK Garmin, navigate me home"...soon. Seamless Google Maps integration...maybe. I guess Fitbit could now do that quite cheaply... Processor Tech Much of the processor details are beyond my inclination to get to grips with them. Expect to see the increased capability of individual chips. For example, an OHR chip (Valencell) might also include an accelerometer. A processor like the Wear OS Snapdragon 4100 (2020/1) from Qualcomm may well boast GNSS capability as well as moving Wear OS from 32bit to the faster 64bit. Multi-purpose chips potentially can make production easier as well as reducing power consumption. Environmental Weather sensors and connectivity to weather services are generally already quite good. I was recently impressed with the MyRadar app on WearOS which graphically shows incoming weather fronts on a map on my watch. Try doing that on a Garmin screen without a smartphone connected to the net. I want to see more wind forecast info offered. The wind speed/direction is often hidden away in a forecast. As a cyclist, the wind is often as important to me as rain...I try to avoid excesses of both in equal measure. Yet if I am on a STRAVA segment day then the exact wind knowledge can be rather helpful, maybe I could even receive a daily text/email/alert to alert me of favourable, predicted wind conditions on my starred segments. Of course, products can already show forecasted wind AND ACTUAL headwind eg from AeroPod but why can't Velocomp (AeroPod) produce a smaller wind sensor and it might later be interesting for someone to collate actual wind strengths and directions compared to forecast to take into account/predict local disturbances of strength/direction. IoT I suppose you can already turn on your fridge whilst running if you have the right pieces of kit and an IFTTT account. You can do a lot of things you don't really need to with tech. Novel Sensor Support This requires the 'novel sensor' to exist. Thus we are still waiting for sporty, PRACTICAL hydration sensors (AURA), Carb/Fat usage (Lumen), blood pressure (OMRON Heart Guide) and non-invasive, blood glucose sensors (Libre) to actually exist. Garmin can already connect to them BTW...CIQ This also includes connecting to existing sensors in novel ways. Thus Wahoo's 'hand off' from the Rival to the ELEMNT bike computer is a novel way to use the ELEMNT. Sport Specificity Garmin has the ability to iterate subtle variants of the Fenix series across multiple 'sports' like Marine usage (Quatix) and I also expect them to iterate bike devices to MTB, track, ultra running and Cyclocross (trail or gravel). Of course...now we have Enduro...a Fenix for trail/Ultras. Other manufacturers generally seem to be iterating technical variants of products eg introducing 'navigation' or STRAVA to a bike computer doesn't especially target a sport. One strategy for Garmin's competitors is to target specific sports with a specific watch/bike computer but I doubt we will see much of that - although Lezyne is an interesting exception who generally target off-road usage. Garmin is very clearly aware of that and I would imagine could cause Lezyne some big problems if they decided to compete more seriously in the same arena. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning These phrases are often (usually!) used incorrectly by the companies saying that their products use the mathematical modelling as described. Ignoring that, there are still some very interesting developments that will start to come from, essentially, looking at large data sets to discover new patterns. The easy examples are where we would look at the population of athletes and see what training regimes have the best outcomes. We could then refine that to look at smaller populations such as those at your age group or at your competence level to determine which workouts and combinations of workouts elicit the best responses. You can then take that to a wholly personal level and instead look at the large data set which is your own history of workouts. Again specific things you have done in the past will have worked better than others and AI/ML can discover these (eg AI Endurance) Fitbit (2021) have said that they will be looking at AI/ML to discover what metrics motivate you. So we will probably eventually find that your app or your smartwatch automatically adjusts and focuses what you see on metrics that best spur you on to greater things! There will be MANY more examples of what AI/ML can do. You just need a large data set, a bit of creative thinking and a good mathematician. Image Recording There's probably a sports watch that can already take a photo and share it to your STRAVA feed. Xplova integrated video recording to their bikenav a few years ago along a similar vein. It's already technically possible, there just has to be the commercial will to match whatever demand exists. The question here is to what degree imagery capturing needs to be integrated onto a small sports device rather than being augmented instead by the athlete carrying a secondary device (drone/GoPro). If I think of the 30 or so people that I regularly follow on STRAVA (who I actually know in real life) then only one of them adds the occasional image to a ride. Workout Data Standards The FIT file format is now a de-facto standard, although technical communication between platforms may well use JSON or TCX. But you don't need to know that. You'd be surprised at how many newly released devices (non-Garmin) produce FIT files with schema errors, you'd be surprised at how many of those errors exist two years later. Or maybe you wouldn't.

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